A Review of Climate Change, Fodder Degradation and Access Deprivation as Drivers of Farmer - Herders’ Conflict, Unsustainable Livestock Production and Insecurity in North-Western Nigeria

Abstract

Climate change-induced fodder degradation and access deprivation have emerged as significant drivers of conflict between farmers and herders, exacerbating insecurity in North Western Nigeria. This review article delves into the intricate relationship between climate change, livestock production, resource access, and conflict dynamics in the region. The impacts of climate change on fodder availability and quality, compounded by unsustainable grazing practices, have led to dwindling resources for livestock, thereby heightening competition and tension between farmers and herders. Drawing upon geographic, ecological, and socioeconomic perspectives, this review analyses the environmental and socioeconomic contexts shaping the conflict landscape in North Western Nigeria. Moreover, it examines the concept of relative deprivation among herders, exploring how perceived disparities in resource access fuel intergroup conflicts. The study also underscores the multifaceted nature of conflict root causes, including environmental degradation, climate variability, population growth, historical grievances, and governance challenges. Additionally, it highlights the role of policy interventions and sustainable resource management strategies in mitigating conflict and promoting peaceful coexistence between farmers and herders in the region. Ultimately, this review underscores the urgent need for holistic approaches that address both environmental degradation and socioeconomic disparities to foster sustainable development and peace in North Western Nigeria.